I carry:
a safety sausage
a signal mirror - actually it's more useful than just a signal mirror - search for scubasight on ebay or see it at
ScubaSight Dive Mirror - I was amazed to see how much more useful a simple bungie cord could make a mirror, and originally only bought it to have as a signal mirror (thought I'd keep it in my bc pocket) but I wore it on my wrist on my last set of dives and I used it enough that I plan to have it there on every dive from now on.
a green laser - also purchased on ebay - They claim it's the most powerful underwater laser available... they also claim it's a shark deterrent. I dunno 'bout deterrin' sharks, but it is a pretty powerful laser that might get you noticed in some situations. (and better than tank banging alone if you're separated from your buddy on a night dive) Search ebay for green laser scuba, or use the sellers check out page here:
Ebay Payments Page
I don't currently carry a whistle, because since I was a kid I've had the ability to produce ear piercing whistles at will with no problems (not using any fingers in the mouth).
I guess I'll go ahead and get a storm whistle though, since they are small, light, cheap, and DandyDon says no other whistle compares. That way I'm good even if I get my teeth knocked out. (Thanks DandyDon!)
Now, after reading this thread (Thank you everyone else!) I'm off to do some research/comparison shopping for some type of radio and/or GPS device to use to signal for help.