I completed my OW course on a liveaboard in Australia. I was brand new to diving and it never even cossed my mind to tip. Mind you, it was also never mentioned and there was no tip jar around. However, when I later learned more about tipping for dive trips (probably here on SB
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I felt so bad that I hadn't tipped that great crew in Aus. So now I do my homework. When we went to Maui we brought just enough cash along on the boat for the tip. I needn't have worried about whether it was expected there. Not only did they put out the tip jar, but they went on about it. We thought that was rather tacky (but yes, we still tipped well since the service was terrific that day). Personally I think if the crew expects/hopes for tips, then they should put a jar in clear view and leave it at that. Their service should speak for itself. However, if there's no where for us to place our money anonymously then they better not expect us to hand it to them. Just my opinion.
Another thing I want to mention that I believe was asked at the start, is regarding tipping for instructors (and DMs - doing classes as opposed to boat trips). I've been working with classes for 2 years and we certainly never expect it. It's just not the norm (here at least), and I'm fine with that despite only making a small amount of money. I do it part time for the enjoyment though, and not to survive. In fact, when one private class tried to tip another DM and I, we were almost embarrassed and graciously declined (only for them to leave the tips for us with the shop anyway)
I think that when we travel (as divers or not), it's our responsibility as travellers to investigate what the protocol is on tipping for the country we're visiting (and we should certainly know it for our own country!) and tip accordingly. I'm not saying if they we should give great tips if the service is lousy. On the contrary. To do so only promotes continued poor service from that person(s).
Oh... and here in Canada beer is sometimes used as a tip
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...no, not in restaurants or on dive trips, but if you get special service and a good deal from someone outside of the usual tipped professions, it's sometimes done... like to a mechanic for example.. and once my vet fixed up a barn cat, and since it wasn't even one of my cats, he didn't charge me (because he's just that kinda guy) ...so I brought him a case of beer... but.. umm... please don't bring Canadians that American beer!
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...just teasin' y'all Americans out there...
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Don't beat me up! ...but someone mentioned something earlier about different nationalities and the way they tip... and I think that's crap. I worked as a waitress many years ago and we servers tried to analyze who tipped best... by nationality, or gender... smokers/non-smokers... drinkers.. singles/couples, families... and you know, people are people and there are no hard and fast rules. Sometimes the one who was so pleasant and you gave fabulous service to would totally stiff you... and sometimes you'd have a table where everything would go wrong... and you'd still get a good tip. Go figure.. maybe they saw you were just having a bad day. At lot of it it just about attitude.