Whether we like it or not, our presence underwater has effects. When we shine lights on animals, it's almost certainly stressful. If we touch them, it's almost certainly stressful in most cases. How much stress? I don't have a clue. How much effect? I don't know the answer to that, either. Making these moral decisions is not clear-cut, and I am reminded of a series of articles on philosophy that have appeared in Quest magazine. One made a big impression on me, which was our tendency to measure the importance of animals by how much we like them. We get angry at abuse of cats and dogs because we like and value them, but poisoning slugs doesn't bother most of us a bit. Underwater, we value turtles and dolphins and mantas, and think far less about sea urchins or cucumbers, or in my case, crabs, which I have both caught for food (which I don't disapprove of) and have also picked up to show to people, which is probably more dubious.
I get perturbed by diver behavior that elicits clear signs of stress from an animal. If an octopus or squid has inked at you, it is not happy, and in that case, I do not follow them further or take more photographs. I loathe guides who poke sticks in holes to get animals to leave their hiding places -- not only is that undoubtedly stressful, but it may present a very clear risk to the animal in question. I am guilty, however, of providing a light which allows predators like seals and ling cod to spot and catch their prey; accessory to murder, if you look at it that way.
People vary in their degree of empathy. Empathy allows us to imagine the fear or anxiety an animal might feel as a result of our actions. It's easier to do that with large vertebrates, and much harder to imagine the state of mind of nudibranch which has been picked up and tossed into the water column for a photograph. Each of us will draw a line that seems good to us. Bludgeoning people with one's own opinions rarely changes them, but sometimes introducing the concept of empathy can help someone think about something in a slightly different way.
And BTW, Allison, nice form! A straighter line from the elbow to the bit and you could give Steinkraus a run for his money
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