Kim:This is definitely for a single cylinder still....and note that even a dual outlet valve is only 'recommended' - not required. There is no requirement for another redundant cylinder such as a pony or whatever.
I don't know about other agencies at this entry level stage.
Possibly - I don't teach IANTD - However for the cavern and overhead environment course from Padi, it has to be taught within the daylight zone, and with no more than 40 meters distance horizontally and vertically from the surface.
So even so, you can still do a cesa if you have to. But the better option would be to get your buddy's AAS, as he's likely to be far closer than 40 meters anyway.
For any more challenging overhead environment courses, it would be absolutely NUTS to do it without redundant air - Regardless what the standard says. If IANTD runs the cavern course as a tech course, then allowing the course without redundant gas does nothing to validate diving with only one gas supply - It only highlights the insufficiencies of the standards. Surely the whole point of a cavern or cave course is to allow for exploration safely. In my opinion, doing so without redundant gas, is as dangerous as it can get.