SCUBA instructors need to look to Colorado as to the enforceability of exculpatory agreements, and other legal protections.
This thread has talked about SCUBA instructors who are employees of corporations and what their personal exposure might be. Let's look to Colorado ski instructors.
Not surprisingly, Colorado has many more ski instructors than SCUBA instructors. Colorado has perhaps more active ski instructors than there are active SCUBA instructors in the USA. Ski students most likely suffer accidents at a higher rate than SCUBA students. Yet, few ski instructors - employed by corporations in Colorado- are the subject of legal actions that involve their instruction.
At Vail the daily private lesson rate is demand based, topping out just short of $1,400/day last season. A kid's lesson with a guaranteed six or less students? That's $300/kid or $1,800 all in for the group. Keystone is similar. The instructor compensation is complicated, but it is not a percentage of lesson fees.
What do top-of-the-pile SCUBA instructors charge for a day's instruction? You folks sell your services on the cheap - IMO.
Let's look at exculpatory agreements and the inclusion of corporate employees in Colorado negliegence actions.
In Colorado, ski instructors who work for corporate entities are seldom the target of litigation.
An illustrative case is referenced below - plaintiff Brigance was injured at Keystone - owned by Vail Resorts - while participating in a ski lesson taught by Megan McKinney.
Plaintiff stated that McKinney was an 'employee and agent' of the defendant. Of note, Mckinney was not a party to this action. Neither was the lift attendant, identified as 'John Doe'. Various claims were made against the Vail Corporation. Proper use of lifts is an essential element of ski instruction.
Brigance v Vail Corporation 1/15-cv-01394-WJM-NYW Document 1 Filed 06/30/15 USDC Colorado.pdf
Vail prevailed on a Summary Judgement motion.
Order Summary Judgment 1/15-cv-01394-WJM-NYW Document 129 Filed 01/13/17.pdf
VSRI argues that Plaintiff’s pending claims fall within the broad scope of these waivers, and that enforcing either waiver must bar all of Plaintiff’s claims. The Court agrees, and Plaintiff makes no counter-argument to show how any of her claims would fall outside the scope of the waivers’ language
Brigance appealed and lost
TERESA BRIGANCE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. No. 17-1035 VAIL SUMMIT RESORTS, INC., Defendant - Appellee.pdf
The USCA weighed in on Colorado exculpatory agreements.
Under Colorado law, “exculpatory agreements have long been disfavored,” B & B Livery, Inc. v. Riehl, 960 P.2d 134, 136 (Colo. 1998), and it is well-established that such agreements cannot “shield against a claim for willful and wanton conduct, regardless of the circumstances or intent of the parties,” Boles v. Sun Ergoline, Inc., 223 P.3d 724, 726 (Colo. 2010). See also Espinoza v. Ark. Valley Adventures, LLC, 809 F.3d 1150, 1152 (10th Cir. 2016) (“Under Colorado common law, it’s long settled that courts will not give effect to contracts purporting to release claims for intentional, knowing, or reckless misconduct.”). “But claims of negligence are a different matter. Colorado common law does not categorically prohibit the enforcement of contracts seeking to release claims of negligence.” Espinoza, 809 F.3d at 1152; accord Chadwick v. Colt Ross Outfitters, Inc., 100 P.3d 465, 467 (Colo. 2004). Neither does it always preclude exculpatory agreements as to claims of negligence per se. Espinoza, 809 F.3d at 1154–55
SCUBA instructors teaching in Colorado? What might this case history lead you to decide about your individual liability while working for a corporate entity?
Florida may lead the nation in the number of SCUBA students and the dollars paid for instruction. What about exculpatory agreements in Florida?
And what about exculpatory agreements where you teach?
References
Passenger Tramway Safety Procedures, CRS
Skier Safety Act, CRS