I will digress a little from the main post topic with illustration of how to get by without too much technology. I have quite a bit of training and experience navigation that had nothing to do with diving. The circumstances of my second open water dive were such that I was the only student of a very good instructor. As well as the OOA exercise etc he explained the dive plan (using an illustrated poster of the sea bed) and said I could lead if I felt up to it and he would follow and watch my buoyancy and bottom following ability. The route should take about 35 minutes and was basically the shape of a boot laid on its side toe pointing ENE, undulating between 8 and 12 m, Straight out at about 70 degrees from the shore, through a deeper part of the reef, turn 70 degree left, follow reef on left with deeper water (well over 12 m) on right for a while, turn back in 180 degrees over / through reef when I chose. follow seabed with reef on left hand side, when I chose (but before I crossed my outward course, turn right heading back to shore . When seabed was about 7m, turn left and try to stop about 30 m from where we descended, check buoyancy then surface doing safety stop.
When we surfaced he said my buoyancy was pretty good, very nearly there, but my navigation had surprised him. He expected me to go off course and was a bit puzzled when I had not. I explained that in addition to reef and water depth, I had used the sun for direction, and my air gauge as a timer. I use nearly 3.5 bar a minute, so working out the 180 degree turn point was easy and 10 to 12 bar gives me a comfortable safety stop. He was quite amused at my use of the sun for direction. The reef (more like random boulders) was not well defined, without the sun I would not have had a clue where I was going. There was a slight water movement parallel to the shore about 0.2 to 0.3m/sec.