Can you site a case?
When the student jumps from the boat to the ocean for the first time isn't he/she doing exactly what the instructor tells to do? What responsibility and what choice the student can have? He is just doing what he is been told to do. How do you image "teaching/learning" thing works? You chose the instructor, you learn from the instructor. You don't like the instructor - change the instructor. But when you are hiring an instructor to teach him.. well... you are annoying the instructor and you are not learning yourself. You can do it, of course, it's your life and your money. But wouldn't it be better to get the most out of instructor, get the training and then dive any way you want?
How many do you want? I personally know of two recent deaths (the last two years or so) where the divers were supposed to be under direct supervision of an instructor. I was consulted by an attorney involved in those.
I know of a near death because of instructor negligence and taking a student into conditions they were not ready for and refusing to end the dive when the student gave the thumbs up. Again an attorney contacted me for an opinion and advice.
I can cite a computer profile and Medical Examiners report on a death where a new diver trusted an instructor and did a "trust me dive" that killed him.
Even in the OW class, IF you take the time to look up and read the RSTC standards as well as any agency standards, checkout dives are just that. Checkout dives. Not teaching dives. The teaching is supposed to have taken place in confined water. Taking a student to open water is saying that the instructor feels confident that this student has learned and demonstrated the necessary skills to plan, execute, and safely return from a dive with a buddy of equal skill and training. Those OW dives are to verify that. If I take an OW student to a lake, quarry, ocean and dive from shore or a boat I am saying that they know what they are doing. Or they should not be there.
This -
"When the student jumps from the boat to the ocean for the first time isn't he/she doing exactly what the instructor tells to do? What responsibility and what choice the student can have? He is just doing what he is been told to do."
If this is the case that person has no business on those dives. Either the student has not learned or the instructor has not taught what should be the case.
They are not doing what the instructor tells them to do. Supposedly
they are doing what they have been trained to do. They are responsible for electing to take that step off the boat based on the knowledge and skills they were given. It is their choice, and theirs alone, to do it. If they are just doing what they were told then they are a dangerous individual. To themselves and other divers.