If anyone is curious, I recently discovered the answer to my original question: "Is there a high pressure version of a (cylinder that is the size/form factor of an) LP50?"
The answer is actually there kind of was at one time: "mid-pressure slim 72's".
I believe they were only made for a ~10 year stretch by Faber and branded for Scubapro. They had a working pressure of 3,000psi +10% = 3,300psi. They're slightly wider than an LP50.
I believe they were usually factory white enamel. The set I picked up in California(pictured below) happened to be stripped and galvanized. You can find other threads talking about slim 72's. Real shame they're no longer manufactured.
Pictured from left to right: green alu 80, doubles of MP slim 72's, LP 50'S with modular valves, alu40, HP100