The following is quoted from
GulfBase - General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico basin resembles a large pit with a broad shallow rim. Approximately 38% of the Gulf is comprised by shallow and intertidal areas (< 20 m deep). The area of the continental shelf (< 180 m) and continental slope (180 - 3,000 m) represent 22% and 20% respectively, and abyssal areas deeper than 3,000 m comprise the final 20% (Gore, 1992). The Sigsbee Deep, located in the southwestern quadrant, is the deepest region of the Gulf of Mexico. Its exact maximum depth is controversial, and reports by different authors state maximum depths ranging from 3,750 m to 4,384 m. Mean (average) water depth of the Gulf is ~1,615 m (Turner, 1999) and the basin contains a volume of 2,434,000 cubic kilometers of water (6.43 * 1017 or 643 quadrillion gallons
Today, the Gulf of Mexico is a small oceanic basin surrounded by continental land masses. Due to their physical structure, the Gulf and the Caribbean Sea are sometimes combined and referred to as the 'American Mediterranean'. Uchupi (1975) divides the Gulf into two distinct geographical provinces (Terrigenous and Carbonate) while Antoine (1972) recognizes seven. The scheme proposed by Antoine is presented here, with additional information derived from other sources.
1) Gulf of Mexico Basin
This portion of the Gulf of Mexico contains the Sigsbee Deep and can be further divided into the continental rise, the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain, and the Mississippi Cone. Located between the Sigsbee escarpment and the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain, the continental rise is composed of sediments transported to the area from the north. The Sigsbee Abyssal Plain is a deep, flat portion of the Gulf bottom located northwest of Campeche Bank. In this relatively uniform area of the Gulf bottom, the Sigsbee Knolls and other small diapiric (salt) domes represent the only major topographical features. The Mississippi Cone is composed of soft sediment and extends southeast from the Mississippi Trough, eventually merging with other sediments of the central basin. The cone is bordered by the DeSoto Canyon to the east and the Mississippi Trough to the west, and has been described in detail by Ewing et al. (1958).
GULF FOOTNOTES
- The Gulf of Mexico yields more finfish, shrimp, and shellfish annually than the south and mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake, and New England areas combined.
- More than 400 species of shells can be found in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf beaches are considered the best shelling beaches in North America.
- The world's longest man-made beach is located on the Mississippi Gulf Coast – 26 miles long.
- The Mississippi River deposits more than 3.3 million gallons of water into the Gulf every second.
- The Mississippi River contributes more than 90 percent of the fresh water entering the Gulf.
- Bottlenose dolphins are the most common dolphin species in the Gulf and are estimated to number up to 45,000.