Mike is correct in that rapid descents can cause HPNS but this refers to diving on a helium mix and is at 600+ feet.
NOAA has the following to say about HPNS:
"At diving depths greater than 600 fsw (183 msw), signs and symptoms of a condition known as the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) appear and become worse the faster the rate of compression used and the greater the depth or pressure attained. HPNS is characterized in humans by dizziness, nausea, vomiting, postural and intention tremors, fatigue and somnolence, myoclonic jerking, stomach cramps,
decrements in intellectual and psychomotor performance, poor sleep with nightmares, and increased slow wave and decreased fast wave activity of the brain as measured by an electroencephalogram (Bennett et al. 1986)."
Fred Bove's text relates that the following things can occur with a rapid descent:
Barotrauma, transient caloric and alternobaric vertigo, hypercapnia(high CO2) with attendant cerebral symptoms due to rapid compression of alveolar gas, hypoxia in mixed gas diving (not in air diving)in the first few moments of the dive, oxygen toxicity - again in mixed gas diving with a diver inadvertently breathing a gas mixture with a high oxygen content, slight nitrogen narcosis - aggravated if the descent is rapid. (pp.325 - 333t)
NOAA's new Diving Manual (21-10) states that rapid descent endangers due to 'barotrauma and impact with bottom features in shallow waters'. 'Uncontrolled descents in deep water may be complicated by nitrogen narcosis and O2 poisoning, rapid air consumption and subsequent drowning'.