Genetic drift and natural selection are the primary drivers of evolution. Mutation is a driver. You are arguing against an argument I did not make (that mutation isn't important).
Regardless, I shall now enlighten you. The primary source for new genes is a process called Genetic Duplication.
Gene duplication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sort of... New genes through gene duplication is a sort of low level mutation but you mustn't confuse it with misprint mutation which is what the vernacular "mutation" refers to.
My only point was to show the difference between natural selection/genetic drift, and mutations. It seems pretty clear that natural selection and genetic drift can only "play around" with already present genes...typically genes are lost. Mutations would be the way that new genes are formed; yes, gene duplication would have to come first.
I think many post-ers here, and dare I say others in the readership, don't really take issue with evolution as defined by "changes in genetic variation" (trying to keep this definition short and simple) or even the observances having to do with the aforementioned definition. However, as I said above, these kinds of changes, or evolution, seem to be under the genre of "losing information" or specificity. In the case of natural selection/genetic drift, we are losing complete genes. Then to turn around and state that this observed process is also what builds new genes and new categories of organisms seems quite counterintuitive because of the degenerative nature of what we just talked about. I can't remember where I read it, but it seems a sizable group of scientists even state that the only way new genes could arise would be through gene duplication followed by mutation.(?) Hence the reason I separated natural selection/genetic drift from mutation in my response to your post...just to make the distinction between the gene degenerating process and the gene "making" process.
Which is an evolutionary process. We both agree then that evolution is nothing novel. In this case, it was just observed (yet again) in a controlled environment.
Not that "evolution is nothing novel," but rather in the case of the E. coli, evolution produced nothing novel.
Again, E. coli already posses the ability to use citrate, but only under conditions lacking much oxygen. Under these conditions, the bacteria do not transport citrate into their cells. And I'm pretty sure even Lenski has suggested that the bacteria used a different transporter to bring the citrate in. In other words, if this is the case, the other transporter would have lost functional specificity.
So we have yet another example of evolution producing something beneficial, greater fitness, but because of the loss of functional specificity. And again, I don't take issue with this other than to say that continued losses in specificity couldn't produce novel genes and functions demanded by "larger scale" evolution. That's all.
Thanks!