HalcyonDaze
Contributor
Life rafts on Navy ships launch automatically as the ship sinks. Lifeboats have to be launched by hand, and is a matter of having the right people in the right place to do it. Since the Indianapolis was on a fast transit, not expecting trouble, when torpedoed, it sank quickly and the lifeboats weren't launched. The life rafts act more like debris so it depends where they launch, which way they drift, and how fast, whether someone in the water can catch them.
If they were in battle, there would have been men assigned at the lifeboats ready to launch. If the ship sinks the lifeboats are used to round up people and life rafts to get everyone out of the water. There are not enough lifeboats to carry the whole crew.
One of the issues with military vessels is that lifeboats and liferafts are rather delicate things even without someone actually shooting at you; in footage of the old battleships and cruisers firing you will sometimes see what looks like debris being flung from the ship. That's more delicate items on the deck (planking, life vests, rafts, etc.) being converted into confetti by the concussion from the ship's own guns. There's a reason the exposed light anti-aircraft guns weren't manned when the main battery guns were firing. On top of that, deck space is a premium on warships; you're never going to see a cruise-ship style row of lifeboat racks - even a modern supercarrier carries liferaft canisters along the deck edges rather than rigid-hull lifeboats. By the time Indianapolis was sunk most USN warships had also been refitted to accommodate more light AA weapons and their associated radar and fire control systems, the arrangement of which was often the following: "Is there an open space on the deck? If yes, put a gun there."