Someone once wrote that trying to determine the course of global warming looking at climate over the last 100 years is like trying to decide who will win the 100 metres after the runners have travelled a distance equal to the width of a pencil.
Except that measurements in tree rings, ice cores, ocean sediments, and rocks can take you back much further in time.
We have the last 100 years, pretty accurately, can do a decent job on the last 1,000 years. Even the past 10,000 we can get useful stuff. Further back than that it starts to get ropey (relying geological evidence to determine climate shifts is possible but certainly not very refined). Extrapolating this to determine changes relative to the 4,600,000,000 years since the earth was formed is invariably a speculative exercise.
Rate of extinction is similarly ropey. I was once told that approximately 3 species become extinct every day (and this pattern has largely not changed for billions of years), and that 99.7% of all forms of life that have ever existed on earth are now extinct. I took that all as gospel. But sadly it is bollocks. No one knows. No one even knows how many species we have at the moment, with the estimates coming in between 5 million and 100 million. That is quite a margin of error.
As someone or other once famously said: "only fools are ever certain; wise men are never sure." I am no global warming skeptic, but I acknowledge the limits of what we really know.