Dear Readers:
Testing
Over the years, numerous tests have been performed of such factors as exercise while on the bottom, mild exercise during depressurization, strenuous exercise during decompression, and general physical fitness.
Not all of these make their way into the literature generally available to recreational divers. One purpose of this FORUM is to disseminate some of that information along with commentary.
Below are some references which have be used over that past two years to answer questions on the site. While most readers will not care to look further into these, it is of interest to see that indeed work has been performed in laboratories around the world.
References
== Ascent Rate on Bubble Production
Carturan D, Boussuges A, Vanuxem P, Bar-Hen A, Burnet H, Gardette B. Ascent rate, age, maximal oxygen uptake, adiposity, and circulating venous bubbles after diving. J Appl Physiol. 2002 Oct; 93(4): 1349-56.
Carturan D, Boussuges A, Molenat F, Burnet H, Fondarai J, Gardette B. Ascent rate and circulating venous bubbles in recreational diving. Int J Sports Med. 2000 Oct; 21(7): 459-62.
Reinertsen RE, Flook V, Koteng S, Brubakk AO. Effect of oxygen tension and rate of pressure reduction during decompression on central gas bubbles. J Appl Physiol. 1998 Jan; 84(1): 351-6.
== Physical Fitness and DCS Protection
Carturan D, Boussuges A, Vanuxem P, Bar-Hen A, Burnet H, Gardette B. Ascent rate, age, maximal oxygen uptake, adiposity, and circulating venous bubbles after diving. J Appl Physiol. 2002 Oct; 93(4): 1349-56.
Wisloff U, Brubakk AO. Aerobic endurance training reduces bubble formation and increases survival in rats exposed to hyperbaric pressure. J Physiol. 2001 Dec 1; 537(Pt 2): 607-11.
Carturan D, Boussuges A, Burnet H, Fondarai J, Vanuxem P, Gardette B. Circulating venous bubbles in recreational diving: relationships with age, weight, maximal oxygen uptake and body fat percentage. Int J Sports Med. 1999 Aug; 20(6): 410-4.
Broome JR, Dutka AJ, McNamee GA. Exercise conditioning reduces the risk of neurologic decompression illness in swine. Undersea Hyperb Med. 1995 Mar; 22(1): 73-85.
Rattner BA, Gruenau SP, Altland PD. Cross-adaptive effects of cold, hypoxia, or physical training on decompression sickness in mice. J Appl Physiol. 1979 Aug; 47(2): 412-7.
== Exercise and Gas Washout
Jankowski LW, Nishi RY, Eaton DJ, Griffin AP. Exercise during decompression reduces the amount of venous gas emboli. Undersea Hyperb Med. 1997 Jun; 24(2): 59-65.
Loftin KC, Conkin J, Powell MR. Modeling the effects of exercise during 100% oxygen prebreathe on the risk of hypobaric decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997 Mar; 68(3): 199-204.
== Exercise and DCS/Bubble Formation
Haske TL, Pilmanis AA. Decompression sickness latency as a function of altitude to 25,000 feet.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002 Nov; 73(11): 1059-62.
Dervay JP, Powell MR, Butler B, Fife CE. The effect of exercise and rest duration on the generation of venous gas bubbles at altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2002 Jan; 73(1): 22-7.
Webb JT, Krause KM, Pilmanis AA, Fischer MD, Kannan N. The effect of exposure to 35,000 ft on incidence of altitude decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2001 Jun; 72(6): 509-12.
Conkin J, Powell MR. Lower body adynamia as a factor to reduce the risk of hypobaric decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2001 Mar; 72(3): 202-14.
Webb JT, Pilmanis AA, Kannan N, Olson RM. The effect of staged decompression while breathing 100% oxygen on altitude decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000 Jul; 71(7): 692-8.
Pilmanis AA, Olson RM, Fischer MD, Wiegman JF, Webb JT. Exercise-induced altitude decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1999 Jan; 70(1): 22-9.
Jankowski LW, Nishi RY, Eaton DJ, Griffin AP. Exercise during decompression reduces the amount of venous gas emboli. Undersea Hyperb Med. 1997 Jun; 24(2): 59-65.
Webb JT, Fischer MD, Heaps CL, Pilmanis AA. Exercise-enhanced preoxygenation increases protection from decompression sickness. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1996 Jul; 67(7): 618-24.
Pollard GW, Marsh PL, Fife CE, Smith LR, Vann RD. Ascent rate, post-dive exercise, and decompression sickness in the rat. Undersea Hyperb Med. 1995 Dec; 22(4): 367-76.
Kumar KV. Decompression sickness and the role of exercise during decompression.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1988 Nov; 59(11 Pt 1): 1080-2.
Krutz RW Jr, Dixon GA. The effects of exercise on bubble formation and bends susceptibility at 9,100 m (30,000 ft; 4.3 psia). Aviat Space Environ Med. 1987 Sep;58(9 Pt 2):A97-9.
Gooden BA, LeMessurier DH. Effect of exercise produced by partial immersion on the incidence of Dysbarism in rats after "free ascent" . Aerosp Med. 1970 Jun;41(6):597-601.
Dr Deco :doctor: