What have been the biggest documented bleaching events in Indonesia so far? (Any year?)
Curious how this compares/contrasts to what is more often reported and described (Great Barrier Reefs, Hawaii, Polynesia, Florida/Caribbean...)
Depths, extents, diversities affected, durations, tipping point parameters (temp threshold/ranges), ...
GBR seems especially sensitive, such vast areas of relatively uniform, broad sub-tropical shallow reef are surely very impacted by bulk climate affects.
Does an equatorial Indonesian system of grotesquely diverse and developed deep tidal channels fare or recover any better against heatwave events?
Perhaps if we try to imagine or rank what are the biggest threats to popular [Indonesian] reefs:
- mass sediment releases due to deforestation and dredging
- bulk eutrophication from large-scale commercial/industrial agriculture/industry/mining/oil&gas operations
- bulk effluents, chems, pollutants, microbial loads etc from human and animal wastes (incl. 200+ liveaboards, nearby towns/cities?)
- invasive species, including microbial and viral
- dynamite fishing
- large-scale commercial fishing
- trawling
- anchoring
- heatwaves
- commercial removal of sensitive and beneficial species by aquarium collectors, wildlife trade, fetish foodies
Is anything missing?
Will it be heatwaves that change Indo/Raja reefs, or one or more of the above that does it first?