You should know you have an air issue before it becomes catastrophic.
For OC dives
- you have had a significant overrun (perhaps due to being trapped in wreck).
- you have a free flow, so shut down the effected cylinder, but have lost sufficient gas to compromise the ascent / decompression.
- you are assisting a buddy
- you have lost decompression gas at the switch.
For CCR dives
You may have had a unit failure. On longer, deeper dives, the decompression phase may require additional gas to be dropped from the surface. Even when using team bailout, it is safer to get additional gas from the surface.
On more complex dives, if it suits, we would have a trapeze in the water with additional gas clipped of on the bottom bar.
I predominantly use combination DSMB's that have the option to use a CO2 cartridge. I also carry a traditional AP DSMB. On CCR, I tend to deploy using the CO2 cartridge, it's a lot easier. On the occasions I have screwed up and not replaced the cartridge (or the striking pin snaps - a point to be aware of), then I can fill them in the traditional manor, via the nozzle.