This is an interesting question. I was noodling around in my head, but most of the books that came to mind are... well they are *more* than what you are looking for. That is, they may have sketches of boats and label the various parts, but that is 1/100th of the book -- with more on sailing, navigation/pilotage, line handling, etc.
If you're looking at the library, you might check out Royce's Sailing Illustrated. It's just a small paperback, but it's full of line drawings. I can't remember at the moment if it would have a larger drawing such as you are looking for. Once you're in that section you may see other books that suit your purpose better.
Blue Sparkle
PS: Oh, I just came up with another idea; let me have a look and I'll post back
Okay, here is something you might find enjoyable and useful. It's called "Illustrated Nautical Dictionary," by Howard Patterson. It's *very* detailed, and it may be too old-fashioned (published 1891, so maybe too much about sailing rigs and not enough about modern ships for what you want). That said, many vessel parts are either still similar, or would be recognizable even if slightly different nowadays. Much nautical terminology has stayed pretty traditional, and many basic parts will still go by the same names, even on modern vessels.
Also, some of the detailed illustrations (capstan, chain, anchors, various deck hardware) apply to more modern vessels, and might prove useful if you see objects that are near a wreck but perhaps not in their original location. I guess it depends on how much detailed/history interests you, vs. just a simple drawing of a modern vessel (which could probably be found via Google images, although I know the feeling of preferring a book).
This book is available free online at archive.org. From the main page you can read it online, or download it in numerous formats (see box at upper left once you get to the main page). Then, if you liked it, you could look for a paper copy.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030750776
(For those so inclined, archive.org has quite a few nifty old sailing books, and some vintage diving ones too.)