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Hi Rob_lee_1,
You've received a lot of information; some of it spot on, some of it unclear and some of it just plain nonsense.
Let's try to sort it out a bit.
1. H2Andy states: "the greatest pressure change happens in the top 15 feet of water."
The intent of this is unclear as there is nothing special about 15'.
According to Boyle's law, the greatest pressure changes occur within the first measurable amount water. For example, the increase in pressure/compression of the body's air-containing spaces from 14' to 15' is less than that from 2' to 3'. Likewise, the decrease in pressure/expansion within the body's air-containing spaces from 15' to 14' is less than that from 3' to 2'.
If this comment was in reference to barotrauma, cases have been recorded in which depths of only 4' were involved.
The point to take away is that you don't have go very deep at all to be at risk for barotrauma.
2. Hickdive states: "AFAIK no-one has ever done a study into human pregnancy and diving."
The quantity, quality and consistency of the research to date is far less than is desirable, but we do have some.
While no researcher has ever selected pregnant women to be subject to hyperbaric manipulation, women who independently have engaged in scuba because they: (1) didn't yet know they were pregnant; (2) where unaware it could be harmful to the developing fetus; and/or (3) needed to continue to make a living have been studied by survey.
Studies include:
(1) Bolton (1980) surveyed 208 pregnant divers; 136 had dived while pregnant for a total of 145 dived pregnancies. There was a greater number of fetal abnormalities in diving mothers compared with the non-diving group.
(2) Betts (1985) and Bakkevig (1989) conducted survey studies and both observed an incidence of fetal abnormalities in the reported dived pregnancies.
(3) An American Academy of Underwater Sciences (1986) symposium on women reported that still births are higher for women commercial divers than that of the general population.
(4) The DDRC (1995) surveyed 116 women who had dived while pregnant for a total of 142 dived pregnancies. Although the spontaneous abortion rate between the women who had dived while pregnant and those who had not dived while pregnant did not differ, the women who had indulged in "holiday style" diving (multi-day, and consecutive day diving) compared with those who had not undertaken the same style of diving, reported more spontaneous abortions.
Then of course there are many animal studies, a number of which have noted increases in a variety of fetal abnormalities, notably cardiac malformations.
The point to go away with is that while we have precious little research and it is inconsistent, it is enough for the prudent woman to conclude that diving while pregnant is risky.
3. truck1 states: "I would check with DAN and doctor who knows about diving and diving related illnesses."
DAN's position has been repeated in many dive publications over the years and has long appeared on its website.
In a recent issue of Sport Diver, Joel Dovenbarger, R.N., Director of Medical Services, said: ''In the best of circumstances, recommendations are based on data -- solid research that is accepted by all parties. Unfortunately, on this issue total agreement does not exist. The big concern is of course AGE (arterial gas embolism -- an air bubble). You only need 4 feet of water to have an incident; AGE is, however, the least common decompression-related injury. ''Is there something about being pregnant that could lead to AGE? If you're in the water, breathing scuba, there is a risk. How big, we don't know. But pregnancy can have its side effects such as nausea commonly associated with morning sickness, delayed emptying of the stomach and increased acidity. What about a tight-fitting BC chest or waist strap? Could all of these things add up to an incident? They could. Additionally, this risk is not found in the majority of the diving population, so there may well be an increased risk. ''What effect on the fetus? We can't really say for sure, but theoretically, any treatment or problem the mother may have, from seasickness to getting chilled, will be passed on to the fetus.' Pregnancies are for nine months, but scuba is for a lifetime. It's reasonable to wait out the pregnancy and dive without incident rather than to dive while pregnant and worry about having a problem or actually having something happen (which can randomly occur, anyway!) and blame oneself for the poor outcome'.''
The DAN website, under a section entitled "Restrictions on Diving," states: "Because little is known about the effects of scuba diving on an unborn child, it is recommended that pregnant women wait to dive until after a pregnancy."
The point to go away with is this is what you'll be told by DAN.
Moreover, the Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2003) for exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period direct that "scuba diving should be avoided throughout pregnancy because the fetus is at increased risk of decompression sickness secondary to the inability of the fetal pulmonary circulation to filter bubble formation."
4. page.crow states: "Imagine the pressure on the inner ear when you go down in the pool. The same pressure is being exerted through the vaginal barrel, into the cervix of the uterus, and upon the beginnings of an amniotic sac, the "bag of waters" of the baby."
This is simply silly. As indicated by TSandM (aka Dr. Lynne Flaherty, a diving ER surgeon), "There is no issue of increased pressure across the amniotic fluid. There are no air spaces within the fetus, and the pressure simply equalizes across all fluid-filled spaces."
The point to go away with is when you have a medical question it often is best to seek a physician who understands the basic principles of scuba.
I hope this proves helpful. Please let me know if you have any questions.
Regards,
DocVikingo
You've received a lot of information; some of it spot on, some of it unclear and some of it just plain nonsense.
Let's try to sort it out a bit.
1. H2Andy states: "the greatest pressure change happens in the top 15 feet of water."
The intent of this is unclear as there is nothing special about 15'.
According to Boyle's law, the greatest pressure changes occur within the first measurable amount water. For example, the increase in pressure/compression of the body's air-containing spaces from 14' to 15' is less than that from 2' to 3'. Likewise, the decrease in pressure/expansion within the body's air-containing spaces from 15' to 14' is less than that from 3' to 2'.
If this comment was in reference to barotrauma, cases have been recorded in which depths of only 4' were involved.
The point to take away is that you don't have go very deep at all to be at risk for barotrauma.
2. Hickdive states: "AFAIK no-one has ever done a study into human pregnancy and diving."
The quantity, quality and consistency of the research to date is far less than is desirable, but we do have some.
While no researcher has ever selected pregnant women to be subject to hyperbaric manipulation, women who independently have engaged in scuba because they: (1) didn't yet know they were pregnant; (2) where unaware it could be harmful to the developing fetus; and/or (3) needed to continue to make a living have been studied by survey.
Studies include:
(1) Bolton (1980) surveyed 208 pregnant divers; 136 had dived while pregnant for a total of 145 dived pregnancies. There was a greater number of fetal abnormalities in diving mothers compared with the non-diving group.
(2) Betts (1985) and Bakkevig (1989) conducted survey studies and both observed an incidence of fetal abnormalities in the reported dived pregnancies.
(3) An American Academy of Underwater Sciences (1986) symposium on women reported that still births are higher for women commercial divers than that of the general population.
(4) The DDRC (1995) surveyed 116 women who had dived while pregnant for a total of 142 dived pregnancies. Although the spontaneous abortion rate between the women who had dived while pregnant and those who had not dived while pregnant did not differ, the women who had indulged in "holiday style" diving (multi-day, and consecutive day diving) compared with those who had not undertaken the same style of diving, reported more spontaneous abortions.
Then of course there are many animal studies, a number of which have noted increases in a variety of fetal abnormalities, notably cardiac malformations.
The point to go away with is that while we have precious little research and it is inconsistent, it is enough for the prudent woman to conclude that diving while pregnant is risky.
3. truck1 states: "I would check with DAN and doctor who knows about diving and diving related illnesses."
DAN's position has been repeated in many dive publications over the years and has long appeared on its website.
In a recent issue of Sport Diver, Joel Dovenbarger, R.N., Director of Medical Services, said: ''In the best of circumstances, recommendations are based on data -- solid research that is accepted by all parties. Unfortunately, on this issue total agreement does not exist. The big concern is of course AGE (arterial gas embolism -- an air bubble). You only need 4 feet of water to have an incident; AGE is, however, the least common decompression-related injury. ''Is there something about being pregnant that could lead to AGE? If you're in the water, breathing scuba, there is a risk. How big, we don't know. But pregnancy can have its side effects such as nausea commonly associated with morning sickness, delayed emptying of the stomach and increased acidity. What about a tight-fitting BC chest or waist strap? Could all of these things add up to an incident? They could. Additionally, this risk is not found in the majority of the diving population, so there may well be an increased risk. ''What effect on the fetus? We can't really say for sure, but theoretically, any treatment or problem the mother may have, from seasickness to getting chilled, will be passed on to the fetus.' Pregnancies are for nine months, but scuba is for a lifetime. It's reasonable to wait out the pregnancy and dive without incident rather than to dive while pregnant and worry about having a problem or actually having something happen (which can randomly occur, anyway!) and blame oneself for the poor outcome'.''
The DAN website, under a section entitled "Restrictions on Diving," states: "Because little is known about the effects of scuba diving on an unborn child, it is recommended that pregnant women wait to dive until after a pregnancy."
The point to go away with is this is what you'll be told by DAN.
Moreover, the Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2003) for exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period direct that "scuba diving should be avoided throughout pregnancy because the fetus is at increased risk of decompression sickness secondary to the inability of the fetal pulmonary circulation to filter bubble formation."
4. page.crow states: "Imagine the pressure on the inner ear when you go down in the pool. The same pressure is being exerted through the vaginal barrel, into the cervix of the uterus, and upon the beginnings of an amniotic sac, the "bag of waters" of the baby."
This is simply silly. As indicated by TSandM (aka Dr. Lynne Flaherty, a diving ER surgeon), "There is no issue of increased pressure across the amniotic fluid. There are no air spaces within the fetus, and the pressure simply equalizes across all fluid-filled spaces."
The point to go away with is when you have a medical question it often is best to seek a physician who understands the basic principles of scuba.
I hope this proves helpful. Please let me know if you have any questions.
Regards,
DocVikingo
