Interesting that so many people make statements indicating all agencies are the same then when a question like this one comes up, they say, "It will vary by agency."
Each agency has extensive and very detailed requirements that are totally different from other agencies at almost every level, so it's not something I'm going to attempt to detail here. It took months to compile a simple
comparison of the entry level standards of just 3 agencies. I'll stick, for now, with the three with which I'm most familiar and am working from memory.
PADI is the most common progression is:
Open Water - 4 dives
Advanced Open Water - 5 dives
Rescue - (I don't know how many dives are required)
Dive Master
Assistant Instructor (usually this step is effectively skipped)
Instructor
NAUI
SCUBA Diver - 5 dives (one of which may be a skin dive)
Advanced Open Water - 6 dives
Rescue
Assistant Instructor
Dive Master
Instructor
YMCA
Open Water - 5 dives (one of which must be a skin dive)
Advanced Open Water - 5 dives or Silver Advanced - 10 dives
SCUBA Lifesaving and Accident Management - SLAM
Dive Master
Assistant Instructor
Instructor
Specialties, except SLAM/Rescue are not part of the progression. All three have a "Master Diver" program, but only NAUI and YMCA have a class for it. PADI's Master Diver is a card you can buy after completing 5 specialties and loggong 50 dives. NAUI's Master Diver is a fairly comprehensive class including lots of academics and dives in as many different conditions as possible in the local area. YMCA's Gold Star Master Diver is also one that involves academics and dives, but it also irequires some advanced skills.