bwerb:
Let's throw another concept into the discussion...consciousness/self-awareneness...what is the evolutionary purpose and why has it only appeared once?
ah ... several animals are quite self-aware, though lacking our frontal lobes, not quite as advanced as we are.
for example, chimps and gorillas show signs that they are self aware (they recognize themselves in mirrors; they can give each other names, which implies individuality, etc.)
dolphins also show signs of self-awareness. by extension, whales probably are too.
all self-awareness is is the byproduct of a large frontal lobe. we developed ours along with language, and language probably kept pushing our brains into "bigger" territory.
the hallmark is not total brain size -- our brains aren't that big -- but rather the size of the frontal lobe (where higher functions are carried out). we have slighlty over twice as much frontal lobe area as our closest relatives, the chimps and gorillas.
most anthropologists consider the development of language the threshold of what "human" is, because it led to much more sophisticated brain power, which in turn led to all sorts of advances.
that said, i think that most animals with a lage-enough brain (for example, cats, dogs, horses) are probably self-aware to a certain degree. we just don't recognize it in our arrogance.