Heavy Breather
Registered
Going down on Sara
TDI Bikini Atoll Expedition
Sept 4 / 2004
For five years now Ive been planning a trip to Bikini Atoll to dive the only dive-able aircraft carrier in the world, USS Saratoga. I see this is soon to change, as there are plans to sink one as an artificial reef, however that eventuality will not be the same thing.
TDI Canada had put a trip together for Sept 4/ 2004. Though we had planned for an all Rebreather trip a year ago the final group was half open circuit and half CCR divers.
As we flew over azure seas to the island of Bikini with puffy white storm cells rising up ahead of us, I could not thinking that it was a similar looking cloud that changed the destiny of these islands that we on our way to visit.
Bikini Atoll is 1 of 29 atolls that make up the Marshall Island group and in itself has five Islands that make up its own ring. The Marshall Islands occupies 37500 square miles, and is situated 4 degrees north of the Equator. It lies 4500 miles SW from San Francisco, approximately 2500 miles straight east of the Philippines. It was first discovered by the Spanish, and was a source of Copra.
Operation Crossroads was the first of many nuclear tests done in the Pacific.
It first began back in 1946 when the United States removed the Bikinian people from their islands for these tests. Several other test areas included Johnston Atoll, and Eniwetok. The smallest test was .02 Kilo tons (an equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT) and the largest was a 50 Mega-ton blast (thats an equivalent of 50 million tons of TNT) called Bravo. The effects of the Bravo crater can still be seen today in the sea floor, if you fly over that area.
The ones that concern us were named Able, and Baker.
Excerpts taken from Ghost Fleet, the Sunken Ships of Bikini Atoll by James P. Delgato.
Able was the first test. It was an air burst test. Its yield was 19 Kilo tons and was dropped at 9:00 AM July 1st, from a modified B-29 bomber named Daves Dream. It missed its target by 2100 feet and detonated away from the target ship USS Nevada and its zero point ended up being 150 feet off the starboard bow of the USS Gilliam.
After falling 48 seconds from 32,000 feet the bomb exploded 518 feet above the lagoons surface. The New York Times account of the blast claimed that the flash was ten times as bright as the sun. The heat converted all matter in the area into a gaseous form that instantly expanded within the next millisecond into a spherical, luminous ball of fire.
In the next half second the ball continued to grow to 1500 yards in diameter, engulfing the USS Gilliam and vaporized the seawater below it. As the ball of fire collapsed, a cloud of vapor, reddish-brown and loaded with nitrous acid and nitrogen oxide, rose above the lagoon at a speed of two hundred miles and hour. Neutrons streaming from the fireball struck the ships and the water ionizing them and creating intense but short-lived radioactivity. Traveling a mile a second, the shock wave swept outward like an expanding doughnut out racing the fireballs own expansion, and smashed into the ships as it raced over the water. Dark clouds of dust and soot shot into the sky from the collapsing smoke stacks of the ships within the lethal zone. The B-29 bomber Daves Dream was several miles away and was hit twice by the shock wave.
The lagoon surface was pushed downward several feet by the blast. This caused a secondary effect of pushing the explosion higher up in the atmosphere and another type of shock wave known as the Mach effect. Three seconds after the detonation it was nearly a mile away from the zero point and towered 185 feet high creating 165 mile an hour winds that tore across the atoll.
At ten seconds the hot gaseous fireball rose, drawing air up into after-winds that sucked up water and debris forming the stem and the top of the famous mushroom cloud.
Thirty seconds after the detonation, the mushroom cloud was a mile and a half high.
As it condensed over the next ten minutes the vapor formed a light radioactive rain that fell over Bikini Atoll. Despite the deadly rain, officials reported the radiation levels on the ships as minimal. This they had attributed to dispersion in the atmosphere and gradual diffusion in the rain. After thirty minutes two PBM seaplanes flew into and around the atoll checking for radiation levels while wearing gas masks inside the stifling sealed aircraft. Support ships were entering the lagoon by 2:30 PM (5.5 hours) that afternoon, but many ships were too hot to approach.
So the Able blast sank a few ships. Scorched some, burnt a few others however it didnt obliterate the test fleet as was expected.
The second test, Baker (a yield of 23 kilotons) on the other hand was suspended beneath a ship in a water tight Caisson (shell). This was designed to be an underwater burst, which in turn caused a giant tidal wave to roll across the Bikini basin.
It vaporized the sea floor and caused millions of tons of radioactive ionized seawater and pulverized radioactive coral to thunder down onto the test ships. Some sank immediately under the onslaught, while others like Sara took the 100-ft tidal wave across the starboard beam, and rolled over onto her side. She recovered with a list, spilling fuel, and was heavily damaged along the forward flight deck and bridge.
The Baker Blast is best described by Ernest Peterkin in, Ghost Fleet, the sunken ships of Bikini Atoll by James P. Delgato.
Triggered by the signals, the bomb detonated to form a fireball that illuminated the water for a millionth of a second with a white-orange light. The fireball now a high-pressure bubble of superheated gas, erupted from the surface of the lagoon. The spout and mushroom shot upward. A mass of steam and water mounded up into a spray dome that climbed at a rate of 2500 ft / second into a column. The center of the 975 foot thick column was a nearly hollow void of superheated steam that rose faster than the more solid 300 foot thick water sides, climbing 11000 feet per second and acting as a chimney for the hot gases of the fireball. The gases mixed with excavated lagoon bottom and the radioactive materials formed a cauliflower-shaped mushroom cloud atop the column. Four seconds after detonation the column was 4100 feet high. At sixty seconds, it rose to 7600 feet. Within the column and cloud went two million tons of vaporized and boiling water, including at least two million cubic yards of sand and pulverized coral from the sea bottom.
The blast excavated a 700-yard wide, 20-foot deep, crater in the ocean floor.
The force of the eruption and the shock of the blast formed a blast slick of white water in a rapidly advancing circle of millions of water droplets hurtled into the air. At the same time, as the spray dome erupted into a full column, it was obscured by a vast cloud of condensationknown as the Wilson Cloud that formed eighteen seconds after detonation and then dispersed into a ring of wispy clouds that vanished after thirty seconds had elapsed. The blast was recorded thousand of miles away on the mainland of USA as an earthquake of 5.5 on the Richter scale.
The shock wave sweeping through the water also induced pressures at 90 feet that equaled those of more than a mile down. The USS Pilotfish, closet submarine to the blast had every bulkhead ruptured as the air inside was squeezed out by a peak pressure of 5200 PSI. Air and water punched through the bow built to withstand the repeated hammering of enemy depth charges.
The shock wave on the surface was equal to a four-Kiloton blast, hitting and damaging an aircraft flying at 10,000 feet overhead. The first shock wave and the erupting force of the column created a series of waves that swept across the lagoon at 45 knots (52 miles an hour), smashing into the anchored ships. The first wave 84 feet high slammed into the Saratoga and Arkansas seven seconds after the detonations. Thirteen seconds later a 47-foot high wave hit them, followed by a 24 foot wave 47 seconds after the blast. Followed by ever decreasing size of waves. Bikini Island was swept by a 15-foot tidal wave that dragged and pounded the landing craft moored to concrete blocks up on it shore. As the sound of the rumble made its way to the support ships outside the atoll, the two million ton column succumbed to the forces of gravity. As it collapsed with a tremendous roar, a doughnut shaped cloud of water droplets poured out as a fluid across the lagoon. Moving as speeds of 45 miles an hour the base surge of highly radioactive fog rolled into the ships, drenching them with 10,000 roentgen spray. (A fatal dose is assumed to be 400 roentgens per twenty-four hours).
As it blew past the fleet the dense fog lifted, exposing a cluster of listing, half-sunk, ships in a pool of water that was as hot as 8300 tons of radium. At that moment, Bikini was the deadliest spot on the planet
gs- Ill skip forward a bit.
Below the surface however a four to eight foot thick layer of contaminated sediments coated the bottom. The result of 500,000 tons of pulverized coral that fell back into the lagoon.
As you can see he painted a very vivid portrait of the event in real time. You have to remember this was back in 1946.
Further note: After the blast Divers doing survey work gave unsubstantiated reports that the sludge was bluish and had the consistency of Jelly.
For the Good of Mankind.
TDI Bikini Atoll Expedition
Sept 4 / 2004
For five years now Ive been planning a trip to Bikini Atoll to dive the only dive-able aircraft carrier in the world, USS Saratoga. I see this is soon to change, as there are plans to sink one as an artificial reef, however that eventuality will not be the same thing.
TDI Canada had put a trip together for Sept 4/ 2004. Though we had planned for an all Rebreather trip a year ago the final group was half open circuit and half CCR divers.
As we flew over azure seas to the island of Bikini with puffy white storm cells rising up ahead of us, I could not thinking that it was a similar looking cloud that changed the destiny of these islands that we on our way to visit.
Bikini Atoll is 1 of 29 atolls that make up the Marshall Island group and in itself has five Islands that make up its own ring. The Marshall Islands occupies 37500 square miles, and is situated 4 degrees north of the Equator. It lies 4500 miles SW from San Francisco, approximately 2500 miles straight east of the Philippines. It was first discovered by the Spanish, and was a source of Copra.
Operation Crossroads was the first of many nuclear tests done in the Pacific.
It first began back in 1946 when the United States removed the Bikinian people from their islands for these tests. Several other test areas included Johnston Atoll, and Eniwetok. The smallest test was .02 Kilo tons (an equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT) and the largest was a 50 Mega-ton blast (thats an equivalent of 50 million tons of TNT) called Bravo. The effects of the Bravo crater can still be seen today in the sea floor, if you fly over that area.
The ones that concern us were named Able, and Baker.
Excerpts taken from Ghost Fleet, the Sunken Ships of Bikini Atoll by James P. Delgato.
Able was the first test. It was an air burst test. Its yield was 19 Kilo tons and was dropped at 9:00 AM July 1st, from a modified B-29 bomber named Daves Dream. It missed its target by 2100 feet and detonated away from the target ship USS Nevada and its zero point ended up being 150 feet off the starboard bow of the USS Gilliam.
After falling 48 seconds from 32,000 feet the bomb exploded 518 feet above the lagoons surface. The New York Times account of the blast claimed that the flash was ten times as bright as the sun. The heat converted all matter in the area into a gaseous form that instantly expanded within the next millisecond into a spherical, luminous ball of fire.
In the next half second the ball continued to grow to 1500 yards in diameter, engulfing the USS Gilliam and vaporized the seawater below it. As the ball of fire collapsed, a cloud of vapor, reddish-brown and loaded with nitrous acid and nitrogen oxide, rose above the lagoon at a speed of two hundred miles and hour. Neutrons streaming from the fireball struck the ships and the water ionizing them and creating intense but short-lived radioactivity. Traveling a mile a second, the shock wave swept outward like an expanding doughnut out racing the fireballs own expansion, and smashed into the ships as it raced over the water. Dark clouds of dust and soot shot into the sky from the collapsing smoke stacks of the ships within the lethal zone. The B-29 bomber Daves Dream was several miles away and was hit twice by the shock wave.
The lagoon surface was pushed downward several feet by the blast. This caused a secondary effect of pushing the explosion higher up in the atmosphere and another type of shock wave known as the Mach effect. Three seconds after the detonation it was nearly a mile away from the zero point and towered 185 feet high creating 165 mile an hour winds that tore across the atoll.
At ten seconds the hot gaseous fireball rose, drawing air up into after-winds that sucked up water and debris forming the stem and the top of the famous mushroom cloud.
Thirty seconds after the detonation, the mushroom cloud was a mile and a half high.
As it condensed over the next ten minutes the vapor formed a light radioactive rain that fell over Bikini Atoll. Despite the deadly rain, officials reported the radiation levels on the ships as minimal. This they had attributed to dispersion in the atmosphere and gradual diffusion in the rain. After thirty minutes two PBM seaplanes flew into and around the atoll checking for radiation levels while wearing gas masks inside the stifling sealed aircraft. Support ships were entering the lagoon by 2:30 PM (5.5 hours) that afternoon, but many ships were too hot to approach.
So the Able blast sank a few ships. Scorched some, burnt a few others however it didnt obliterate the test fleet as was expected.
The second test, Baker (a yield of 23 kilotons) on the other hand was suspended beneath a ship in a water tight Caisson (shell). This was designed to be an underwater burst, which in turn caused a giant tidal wave to roll across the Bikini basin.
It vaporized the sea floor and caused millions of tons of radioactive ionized seawater and pulverized radioactive coral to thunder down onto the test ships. Some sank immediately under the onslaught, while others like Sara took the 100-ft tidal wave across the starboard beam, and rolled over onto her side. She recovered with a list, spilling fuel, and was heavily damaged along the forward flight deck and bridge.
The Baker Blast is best described by Ernest Peterkin in, Ghost Fleet, the sunken ships of Bikini Atoll by James P. Delgato.
Triggered by the signals, the bomb detonated to form a fireball that illuminated the water for a millionth of a second with a white-orange light. The fireball now a high-pressure bubble of superheated gas, erupted from the surface of the lagoon. The spout and mushroom shot upward. A mass of steam and water mounded up into a spray dome that climbed at a rate of 2500 ft / second into a column. The center of the 975 foot thick column was a nearly hollow void of superheated steam that rose faster than the more solid 300 foot thick water sides, climbing 11000 feet per second and acting as a chimney for the hot gases of the fireball. The gases mixed with excavated lagoon bottom and the radioactive materials formed a cauliflower-shaped mushroom cloud atop the column. Four seconds after detonation the column was 4100 feet high. At sixty seconds, it rose to 7600 feet. Within the column and cloud went two million tons of vaporized and boiling water, including at least two million cubic yards of sand and pulverized coral from the sea bottom.
The blast excavated a 700-yard wide, 20-foot deep, crater in the ocean floor.
The force of the eruption and the shock of the blast formed a blast slick of white water in a rapidly advancing circle of millions of water droplets hurtled into the air. At the same time, as the spray dome erupted into a full column, it was obscured by a vast cloud of condensationknown as the Wilson Cloud that formed eighteen seconds after detonation and then dispersed into a ring of wispy clouds that vanished after thirty seconds had elapsed. The blast was recorded thousand of miles away on the mainland of USA as an earthquake of 5.5 on the Richter scale.
The shock wave sweeping through the water also induced pressures at 90 feet that equaled those of more than a mile down. The USS Pilotfish, closet submarine to the blast had every bulkhead ruptured as the air inside was squeezed out by a peak pressure of 5200 PSI. Air and water punched through the bow built to withstand the repeated hammering of enemy depth charges.
The shock wave on the surface was equal to a four-Kiloton blast, hitting and damaging an aircraft flying at 10,000 feet overhead. The first shock wave and the erupting force of the column created a series of waves that swept across the lagoon at 45 knots (52 miles an hour), smashing into the anchored ships. The first wave 84 feet high slammed into the Saratoga and Arkansas seven seconds after the detonations. Thirteen seconds later a 47-foot high wave hit them, followed by a 24 foot wave 47 seconds after the blast. Followed by ever decreasing size of waves. Bikini Island was swept by a 15-foot tidal wave that dragged and pounded the landing craft moored to concrete blocks up on it shore. As the sound of the rumble made its way to the support ships outside the atoll, the two million ton column succumbed to the forces of gravity. As it collapsed with a tremendous roar, a doughnut shaped cloud of water droplets poured out as a fluid across the lagoon. Moving as speeds of 45 miles an hour the base surge of highly radioactive fog rolled into the ships, drenching them with 10,000 roentgen spray. (A fatal dose is assumed to be 400 roentgens per twenty-four hours).
As it blew past the fleet the dense fog lifted, exposing a cluster of listing, half-sunk, ships in a pool of water that was as hot as 8300 tons of radium. At that moment, Bikini was the deadliest spot on the planet
gs- Ill skip forward a bit.
Below the surface however a four to eight foot thick layer of contaminated sediments coated the bottom. The result of 500,000 tons of pulverized coral that fell back into the lagoon.
As you can see he painted a very vivid portrait of the event in real time. You have to remember this was back in 1946.
Further note: After the blast Divers doing survey work gave unsubstantiated reports that the sludge was bluish and had the consistency of Jelly.
For the Good of Mankind.